Recently Adopted Pronouncements

In March 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2022-01, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging — Portfolio Layer Method. This ASU improves hedge accounting to better portray the economic results of an entity’s risk management activities in its financial statements. It expands the current last-of-layer method that permits only one hedged layer to allow multiple hedged layers of a single closed portfolio, and to reflect that expansion, the last-of-layer method is renamed the portfolio layer method. The amendments in this update are effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this guidance during the first quarter of 2023 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In September 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-04, Liabilities - Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations. This ASU requires entities that use supplier finance programs in connection with the purchase of goods and services to disclose key terms of the programs and a rollforward of the related obligations. The new standard does not affect the recognition, measurement or financial statement presentation of supplier finance program obligations. The amendments in this update are effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022, except for the amendment on rollforward information, which is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2023. The adoption of this guidance during the first quarter of 2023 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In July 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-03, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Income Statement- Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Equity (Topic 505), and Compensation- Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120, SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 EITF Meeting, and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280 − General Revision of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock, which among various updates, includes (1) clarification on comprehensive income presentation for registrants having more than one class of common stock and (2) more specifically, clarifies language on considering the impact of material non-public information over share-based payment transactions, such as spring-loaded grants, when a) estimating the expected volatility for valuation purposes and b) calculating the fair value of the share based payment transactions to take into account a minimum amount of factors, including the current price of underlying shares. In addition, this ASU, also describes disclosure requirements for share-based payment transactions relating to these types of spring-loaded grant arrangements. This ASU does not provide any new guidance so there is no transition or effective date associated with this ASU which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-01, Leases (Topic 842) - Common Control Arrangements. This ASU addresses issues related to accounting for leases under common control arrangements. The standard will include an amendment to Topic 842 for all entities with leasehold improvements in common control arrangements to amortize leasehold improvements that it owns over the improvements’ useful life to the common control group if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this update are effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this guidance will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-05, Business Combinations – Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement. This ASU addresses the accounting for contributions made to a joint venture, upon formation, in a joint venture’s separate financial statements. The objectives of the amendments are to (1) provide decision-useful information to investors and other allocators of capital in a joint venture’s financial statements and (2) reduce diversity in practice. The standard will require that a joint venture apply a new basis of accounting upon formation. By applying a new basis of accounting, a joint venture, upon formation, will recognize and initially measure its assets and liabilities at fair value (with exceptions to fair value measurement that are consistent with the business combinations guidance). In addition, the update on the standard requires certain disclosures enabling financial statement users to understand the nature and financial effect of the joint venture formation in the period in which the formation date occurs. The amendments in this update do not amend the definition of a joint venture (or a corporate joint venture), the accounting by an equity method investor for its investment in a joint venture, or the accounting by a joint venture for contributions received after its formation. The amendments in this update are effective prospectively for all joint venture formations with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted in any interim or annual period in which financial statements have not yet been issued (or made available for issuance), either prospectively or retrospectively. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative, which amends the disclosure or presentation requirements of a variety of topics in the accounting standards codification in order to conform with certain SEC amendments in Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification. The effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC removes that related disclosure from its rules. However, if by June 30, 2027, the SEC has not removed the related disclosure from its regulations, the amendments will be removed from the Codification and not become effective. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which amended disclosure requirements for segment reporting. The amendments in this ASU improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses, amendments to enhance interim disclosure requirements and introduce additional details about the chief operating decision maker. These changes address certain investor concerns that disclosures over reportable segment expenses were limited. The amendments in this update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Tax (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which amended disclosure requirements for income taxes. The primary changes from this update relate to improvements over income tax disclosures related to the rate reconciliation, income taxes paid and other disclosures. These changes help investors better 1) understand on an entity’s’ exposure to potential changes in jurisdictional tax legislation and the ensuing risks and opportunities, (2) assess income tax information that affects cash flow forecasts and capital allocation decisions, and (3) identify potential opportunities to increase future cash flows. The amendments in this update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

Consolidation Policy

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Herbalife Ltd. and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated.

Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions

In the majority of the countries that the Company operates, the functional currency is the local currency. The Company’s foreign subsidiaries’ asset and liability accounts are translated for consolidated financial reporting purposes into U.S. dollar amounts at year-end exchange rates. Revenue and expense accounts are translated at the average rates during the year. Foreign exchange translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses, which include the cost of foreign currency derivative contracts and the related settlement gains and losses but excluding certain foreign currency derivatives designated as cash flow hedges as discussed in Note 11, Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, are included in selling, general, and administrative expenses within the accompanying consolidated statements of income. The Company recorded net foreign currency transaction losses of $18.7 million, $9.7 million, and $6.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Forward Exchange Contracts, Option Contracts, and Interest Rate Swaps

The Company enters into foreign currency derivatives, primarily comprised of foreign currency forward contracts and option contracts, in managing its foreign exchange risk on sales to Members, inventory purchases denominated in foreign currencies, and intercompany transactions and loans. The Company also enters into interest rate swaps in managing its interest rate risk on its variable rate senior secured credit facility. The Company does not use the contracts for trading purposes.

In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, or ASC 815, the Company designates certain of its derivative instruments as cash flow hedges and formally documents its hedge relationships, including identification of the hedging instruments and the hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the hedge transaction, at the time the derivative contract is executed. The Company assesses the effectiveness of the hedge both at inception and on an ongoing basis and determines whether the hedge is highly or perfectly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of the hedged item. The Company records changes in the estimated fair value in accumulated other comprehensive loss and subsequently reclassifies the related amount of accumulated other comprehensive loss to earnings when the hedged item and underlying transaction impacts earnings. If it is determined that a derivative has ceased to be a highly effective hedge, the Company will discontinue hedge accounting for such transaction. For derivatives that are not designated as hedges, all changes in estimated fair value are recognized in the consolidated statements of income.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are comprised primarily of domestic and foreign bank accounts and money market funds. These cash and cash equivalents are valued based on Level 1 inputs, which consist of quoted prices in active markets. To reduce its credit risk, the Company monitors the credit standing of the financial institutions that hold the Company’s cash and cash equivalents.

The Company has a cash pooling arrangement with a financial institution for cash management purposes. This cash pooling arrangement allows certain of the Company’s participating subsidiaries to withdraw cash from this financial institution based upon the Company’s aggregate cash deposits held by subsidiaries who participate in the cash pooling arrangement. To the extent any participating location on an individual basis is in an overdraft position, these overdrafts will be recorded as liabilities and reflected as financing activities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of cash flows, respectively. The Company did not owe any amounts to this financial institution as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable consist principally of receivables from credit card companies, arising from the sale of products to the Company’s Members, and receivables from importers, who are utilized in a limited number of countries to sell products to Members. The Company believes the concentration of its collection risk related to its credit card receivables is reduced due to geographic dispersion. Credit card receivables were $61.5 million and $52.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Substantially all credit card receivables were current as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. For the Company’s receivables from its importers, the Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its importers and maintains an allowance for potential credit losses. The Company considers customer credit-worthiness, past and current transaction history with the customer, contractual terms, current economic industry trends, and changes in customer payment terms when determining whether collectability is reasonably assured and whether to record allowances for its receivables. If the financial condition of the Company’s customers deteriorates and adversely affects their ability to make payments, additional allowances will be recorded. The Company believes that it provides adequate allowances for receivables from its Members and importers which are not material to its consolidated financial statements. The Company recorded bad-debt expense related to allowances for the Company’s receivables of $0.1 million, $0.1 million, and $0.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts was $1.7 million and $2.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the majority of the Company’s total outstanding accounts receivable were current.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company applies the provisions of FASB authoritative guidance as it applies to its financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. The FASB authoritative guidance clarifies the definition of fair value, prescribes methods for measuring fair value, establishes a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to measure fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements.

The Company has estimated the fair value of its financial instruments using the following methods and assumptions:

Inventories

Inventories are stated at lower of cost (primarily on the first-in, first-out basis) and net realizable value.

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt issuance costs represent fees and expenses related to the borrowing of the Company’s long-term debt and are generally amortized over the term of the related debt using the effective-interest method. Debt issuance costs, except for those related to the Company’s revolving credit facility, are recorded as a reduction to debt (contra-liability) within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Total amortization expense related to debt issuance costs were $7.1 million, $6.3 million, and $6.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s remaining unamortized debt issuance costs were $19.2 million and $25.4 million, respectively.

Long-Lived Assets

The depreciation of furniture, fixtures, and equipment (including computer hardware) and amortization of software (which is also included in equipment described above), is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which range from three to ten years. The Company capitalizes eligible costs to acquire or develop internal-use software that are incurred subsequent to the preliminary project stage. Computer hardware and software, the majority of which is comprised of capitalized internal-use software costs, were $277.8 million and $234.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, net of accumulated depreciation. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the related asset or the term of the lease, whichever is shorter. Buildings are depreciated over 40 years. Building improvements are generally depreciated over ten to fifteen years. Land is not depreciated. Depreciation and amortization expenses recorded to selling, general, and administrative expenses totaled $88.9 million, $94.3 million, and $89.2 million, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment based on undiscounted cash flows whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Measurement of an impairment loss is based on the estimated fair value of the asset.

Goodwill and marketing-related intangible assets with indefinite lives are evaluated on an annual basis for impairment or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. For goodwill, the Company performed a quantitative assessment during the fourth quarter of 2023, in which it used a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of a reporting unit, and determined that the fair value of each reporting unit was greater than its respective carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit was less than the carrying value, then a goodwill impairment amount would be recorded for the difference. For the marketing-related intangible assets, the Company performed a quantitative assessment during the fourth quarter of 2023, in which it used a discounted cash flow model under the relief-from-royalty method in order to determine the fair value, and determined that the fair value of the assets was greater than their carrying value. If the fair value of the assets was less than the carrying value, then an impairment amount would be recorded for the difference. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, there were no additions to or impairments of marketing-related intangible assets. As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, the marketing-related intangible asset balance was $310.0 million and consisted of the Company’s trademark, trade name, and marketing franchise. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, there were no additions to or impairments of goodwill. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the goodwill balance was $95.4 million and $93.2 million, respectively. The increase in goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2023 was due to foreign currency translation adjustments.

Restricted Cash

The majority of the Company’s consolidated restricted cash held by certain of its foreign entities consists of cash deposits that are required due to the business operating requirements in those jurisdictions. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, the Company's consolidated restricted cash also includes $12.5 million in deposits into an escrow account in the U.S. for the class action lawsuit, titled Rodgers, et al. v Herbalife Ltd., et al. See Note 7, Contingencies, for further information.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense includes income taxes payable for the current year and the change in deferred income tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Company’s financial statements or income tax returns. A valuation allowance is recognized to reduce the carrying value of deferred income tax assets if it is believed to be more likely than not that a component of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized.

The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes in accordance with FASB authoritative guidance which clarifies the accounting and reporting for uncertainties in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. This guidance prescribes a comprehensive model for the financial statement recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns.

The Company has made an accounting policy election to account for global intangible low-taxed income as a period cost if and when incurred.

Royalty Overrides

Certain Members may earn commissions called royalty overrides, which include production bonuses, based on retail sales volume. Royalty overrides are based on the retail sales volume of certain other Members who are sponsored directly or indirectly by the Member. Royalty overrides are recorded when the products are delivered and revenue is recognized. The royalty overrides are compensation to Members for services rendered including the development, retention and the improved productivity of their sales organizations. As such royalty overrides are classified as an operating expense. Non-U.S. royalty override checks that have aged, for a variety of reasons, beyond a certainty of being paid, are taken back into income. Management has estimated this period of certainty to be three years worldwide.

Distributor Compensation – U.S.

In the U.S., distributor compensation, including Royalty overrides, is capped if the Company does not meet an annual requirement as described in the consent order discussed in more detail in Note 7, Contingencies. On a periodic basis, the Company evaluates if this requirement will be achieved by year-end to determine if a cap on distributor compensation will be required, and then determines the appropriate amount of distributor compensation expense, which may vary in each reporting period. The Company determined that the cap to distributor compensation will not be applicable for the year ended December 31, 2023 as the annual requirement was met.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income consists of net income, foreign currency translation adjustments, and unrealized gains or losses on derivatives. See Note 8, Shareholders’ Deficit, for the description and detail of the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Operating Leases

The Company leases most of its physical properties under operating leases. The Company recognizes rent expense on a straight-line basis for its operating leases. Certain lease agreements generally include rent holidays and tenant improvement allowances. The Company recognizes a right of use asset and lease liability within its consolidated balance sheets for operating leases with terms greater than twelve months. The initial measurement of the lease liability is measured at the present value of lease payments not yet paid discounted generally using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, and the Company does not separate nonlease components from lease components.

Research and Development

The Company’s research and development is performed by in-house staff and outside consultants. For all periods presented, research and development costs were expensed as incurred and were not material.

Other Operating Income

To encourage local investment and operations, governments in various China provinces conduct grant programs. The Company applied for and received several such grants in China. Government grants are recorded into income when a legal right to the grant exists, there is a reasonable assurance that the grant proceeds will be received, and the substantive conditions under which the grants were provided have been met. Generally, these substantive conditions are the Company maintaining operations and paying certain taxes in the relevant province and obtaining government approval by completing an annual application process. The Company believes the continuing obligation with respect to the funds is a general requirement that they are used only for its business in China. The Company recognized government grant income related to its regional headquarters and distribution centers within China of approximately $10.2 million, $14.9 million, and $16.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, in other operating income within its consolidated statements of income. The Company intends to continue applying for government grants in China when programs are available; however, there is no assurance that the Company will receive grants in future periods.

Other (Income) Expense, Net

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized a $1.0 million gain on the extinguishment of a portion of the 2024 Convertible Notes (See Note 5, Long-Term Debt) in other (income) expense, net within its consolidated statements of income.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized a $12.8 million gain on the extinguishment of a portion of the 2024 Convertible Notes (See Note 5, Long-Term Debt) in other (income) expense, net within its consolidated statements of income.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized a $24.6 million loss on the extinguishment of the 2026 Notes (See Note 5, Long-Term Debt) in other (income) expense, net within its consolidated statements of income.

Professional Fees

The Company expenses professional fees, including legal fees, as incurred. These professional fees are included in selling, general, and administrative expenses within the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Advertising

Advertising costs, including Company sponsorships, are expensed as incurred and amounted to approximately $54.1 million, $46.8 million, and $47.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. These expenses are included in selling, general, and administrative expenses within the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share represents net income divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share represents net income divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, inclusive of the effect of dilutive securities, such as outstanding stock appreciation rights, or SARs, restricted stock units, and convertible notes.

There were an aggregate of 5.7 million, 4.5 million and 1.0 million of equity grants, consisting of SARs and restricted stock units, that were outstanding during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, but were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because their effect would be anti-dilutive or the performance condition of the award had not been satisfied.

For the 2024 Convertible Notes, the Company is required to settle the principal amount in cash and has the option to settle the conversion feature for the amount above the conversion price, or the conversion spread, in common shares or cash. The Company uses the if-converted method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the conversion spread on diluted earnings per share, if applicable. The conversion spread will have a dilutive impact on diluted earnings per share when the average market price of the Company’s common shares for a given period exceeds the conversion price of the 2024 Convertible Notes. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the 2024 Convertible Notes have been excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share, as the effect would be anti-dilutive since the conversion price of the 2024 Convertible Notes exceeded the average market price of the Company’s common shares for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. The initial conversion rate and conversion price for the 2024 Convertible Notes are described further in Note 5, Long-Term Debt.

For the 2028 Convertible Notes, the Company is required to settle the principal amount in cash and has the option to settle the conversion feature for the amount above the conversion price, or the conversion spread, in cash or common shares and cash. The Company uses the if-converted method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the conversion spread on diluted earnings per share, if applicable. The conversion spread will have a dilutive impact on diluted earnings per share when the average market price of the Company’s common shares for a given period exceeds the conversion price of the 2028 Convertible Notes. The dilutive impact for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is 0.2 million and less than 0.1 million common shares, respectively. The initial conversion rate and conversion price for the 2028 Convertible Notes are described further in Note 5, Long-Term Debt.

See Note 8, Shareholders’ Deficit, for a discussion of how common shares repurchased by the Company’s indirect wholly-owned subsidiary are treated under U.S. GAAP.

Revenue Recognition

The Company’s net sales consist of product sales. In general, the Company’s performance obligation is to transfer its products to its Members. The Company generally recognizes revenue when product is delivered to its Members. For the majority of China independent service providers and for third-party importers utilized in certain other countries where sales historically have not been material, the Company recognizes revenue based on the Company’s estimate of when the service provider or third-party importer sells the products because the Company is deemed to be the principal party of these product sales due to the additional selling and operating requirements relating to pricing of products, conducting business with physical locations, and other selling and marketing activities required of the service providers and third-party importers. The Company recognizes revenue for certain China independent service providers upon delivery as such Members have pricing discretion and increased fulfillment responsibilities and accordingly were determined to be the Company’s customers for accounting purposes.

The Company’s Members, excluding its China independent service providers, may receive distributor allowances, which are comprised of discounts, rebates, and wholesale commission payments from the Company. Distributor allowances resulting from the Company’s sales of its products to its Members are recorded against net sales because the distributor allowances represent discounts from the suggested retail price.

The Company compensates its sales leader Members with royalty overrides for services rendered relating to the development, retention, and management of their sales organizations. Royalty overrides are payable based on achieved sales volume. Royalty overrides are classified as an operating expense reflecting the services provided to the Company. The Company compensates its China independent service providers and third-party importers utilized in certain other countries for providing marketing, selling, and customer support services. For China and third-party importer sales transactions, as the Company is the principal party for the majority of these product sales as described above, the majority of service fees payable to China independent service providers and the compensation received by third-party importers for the services they provide, which represents the discount provided to them, are recorded in selling, general, and administrative expenses within the Company’s consolidated statements of income. In addition, for those certain China independent service providers who are deemed to be the Company’s customers for accounting purposes as described above, a portion of the service fees payable to these Members will be classified as a reduction of net sales as opposed to the entire service fee being recognized within selling, general, and administrative expenses.

The Company recognizes revenue when it delivers products to its United States Members; distributor allowances, inclusive of discounts and wholesale commissions, are recorded as a reduction to net sales; and royalty overrides are classified as an operating expense.

Shipping and handling services relating to product sales are recognized as fulfillment activities on the Company’s performance obligation to transfer products and are therefore recorded within net sales as part of product sales and are not considered as separate revenues. Shipping and handling costs paid by the Company are included in cost of sales.

The Company presents sales taxes collected from customers on a net basis.

The Company generally receives the net sales price in cash or through credit card payments at the point of sale.

The Company records advance sales deposits when payment is received but revenue has not yet been recognized. In the majority of the Company’s markets, advance sales deposits are generally recorded to income when the product is delivered to its Members. Additionally, advance sales deposits also include deferred revenues due to the timing of revenue recognition for products sold through China independent service providers. The estimated deferral period for advance sales deposits is generally within one week. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized substantially all of the revenues that were included within advance sales deposits as of December 31, 2022 and any remaining such balance was not material as of December 31, 2023. Advance sales deposits are included in other current liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. See Note 15, Detail of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts, for further information.

In general, if a Member returns product to the Company on a timely basis, they may obtain replacement product from the Company for such returned products. In addition, in general the Company maintains a buyback program pursuant to which it will repurchase products sold to a Member who has decided to leave the business. Allowances for product returns, primarily in connection with the Company’s buyback program, are provided at the time the sale is recorded. This accrual is based upon historical return rates for each country and the relevant return pattern, which reflects anticipated returns to be received over a period of up to 12 months following the original sale. Allowances for product returns were $1.9 million and $2.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company’s products are grouped in five product categories: weight management; targeted nutrition; energy, sports, and fitness; outer nutrition; and literature and promotional items. However, the effect of economic factors on the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue recognition and cash flows are similar among all five product categories. The Company defines its operating segments through five geographic regions. The effect of economic factors on the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue recognition and cash flows are similar among the geographic regions within the Company’s Primary Reporting Segment. See Note 10, Segment Information, for further information on the Company’s reportable segments and the Company’s presentation of disaggregated revenue by reportable segment.

Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company recorded $27.5 million, $28.9 million, and $24.6 million, respectively, of non-cash capital expenditures.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded $2.7 million, zero and zero, respectively, of non-cash borrowings.

Share-Based Payments

The Company accounts for share-based compensation in accordance with FASB authoritative guidance which requires the measurement of share-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees. The Company measures share-based compensation cost at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award. The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense for service condition awards on a straight-line basis over the employee’s requisite service period. The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense for performance condition awards over the vesting term using the graded vesting method.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions. Such estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, which the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. The Company adjusts such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Illiquid credit markets, volatile equity, and foreign currency have combined to increase the uncertainty inherent in such estimates and assumptions. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ from these estimates. Changes in estimates resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment will be reflected in the financial statements in future periods. The Company continues to operate in an uncertain macroeconomic and geopolitical environment caused by high inflation, foreign exchange rate fluctuations, the war in Ukraine, lingering COVID-19 pandemic impacts and other factors. The Company is closely monitoring the evolving macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions to assess potential impacts on its business.