11. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

Foreign Currency Instruments

The Company designates certain foreign currency derivatives, primarily comprised of foreign currency forward contracts, as freestanding derivatives for which hedge accounting does not apply. The changes in the fair market value of these freestanding derivatives are included in selling, general, and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The Company primarily uses freestanding foreign currency derivatives to hedge foreign currency-denominated intercompany transactions and to partially mitigate the impact of foreign currency fluctuations. The fair value of the freestanding foreign currency derivatives is based on third-party quotes. The Company’s foreign currency derivative contracts are generally executed on a monthly basis.

The Company designates as cash-flow hedges those foreign currency forward contracts it enters into to hedge forecasted inventory purchases and intercompany management fees that are subject to foreign currency exposures. Forward contracts are used to hedge forecasted inventory purchases over specific months. Changes in the fair value of these forward contracts, excluding forward points, designated as cash-flow hedges are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss within shareholders’ deficit, and are recognized in cost of sales in the consolidated statement of income during the period which approximates the time the hedged inventory is sold. The Company also hedges forecasted intercompany management fees over specific months. These contracts allow the Company to sell Euros in exchange for U.S. dollars at specified contract rates. Changes in the fair value of these forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss within shareholders’ deficit, and are recognized in selling, general, and administrative expenses within the Company’s consolidated statement of income during the period when the hedged item and underlying transaction affect earnings.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the aggregate notional amounts of all foreign currency contracts outstanding designated as cash flow hedges were approximately $43.8 million and $104.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, these outstanding contracts were expected to mature over the next eleven months. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value based on third-party quotes. As of December 31, 2018, the Company recorded assets at fair value of $0.5 million and liabilities at fair value of $0.7 million relating to all outstanding foreign currency contracts designated as cash-flow hedges. As of December 31, 2017, the Company recorded assets at fair value of $2.9 million and liabilities at fair value of $4.0 million relating to all outstanding foreign currency contracts designated as cash-flow hedges. The Company assesses hedge effectiveness and measures hedge ineffectiveness at least quarterly. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, the ineffective portion relating to these hedges was immaterial and the hedges remained effective as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the majority of the Company’s outstanding foreign currency forward contracts had maturity dates of less than twelve months with the majority of freestanding derivatives expiring within one month as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

The tables below provide information about the details of all foreign currency forward contracts that were outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:

The following tables summarize the derivative activity during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 relating to all the Company’s derivatives.

Gains and Losses on Derivative Instruments

The following table summarizes gains (losses) relating to derivative instruments recorded in other comprehensive loss during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

As of December 31, 2018, the estimated amount of existing net gains related to cash flow hedges recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss that are expected to be reclassified into earnings over the next twelve months was $1.8 million.

The following table summarizes gains (losses) relating to derivative instruments recorded to income during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

The following table summarizes gains (losses) relating to derivative instruments reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into income during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

The Company reports its derivatives at fair value as either assets or liabilities within its consolidated balance sheets. See Note 13, Fair Value Measurements, for information on derivative fair values and their consolidated balance sheet locations as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.