UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2017

OR

For the transition period from                     to                     .

Commission file number: 1-32381

HERBALIFE LTD.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

P.O. Box 309GT

Ugland House, South Church Street

Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(213) 745-0500

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No   ☒

Number of shares of registrant’s common shares outstanding as of April 27, 2017 was 93,287,773.

HERBALIFE LTD.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

HERBALIFE LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

See the accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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HERBALIFE LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Unaudited)

See the accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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HERBALIFE LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)

See the accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

HERBALIFE LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

See the accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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HERBALIFE LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Organization

Herbalife Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempt limited liability company, was incorporated on April 4, 2002. Herbalife Ltd. (and together with its subsidiaries, the “Company” or “Herbalife”) is a global nutrition company that sells weight management, targeted nutrition, energy, sports & fitness, and outer nutrition products to and through a network of independent members, or Members. In China, the Company sells its products to and through independent service providers, sales representatives, and sales officers to customers and preferred customers, as well as through Company-operated retail stores when necessary. The Company reports revenue in six geographic regions: North America; Mexico; South and Central America; EMEA, which consists of Europe, the Middle East and Africa; Asia Pacific (excluding China); and China.

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial information of the Company has been prepared in accordance with Article 10 of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s, or the SEC, Regulation S-X. Accordingly, as permitted by Article 10 of the SEC’s Regulation S-X, it does not include all of the information required by generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S., or U.S. GAAP, for complete financial statements. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2016 was derived from the audited financial statements at that date and does not include all the disclosures required by U.S. GAAP, as permitted by Article 10 of the SEC’s Regulation S-X. The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2017, and for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, include Herbalife Ltd. and all of its direct and indirect subsidiaries. In the opinion of management, the accompanying financial information contains all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2017, and for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, or the 2016 10-K. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2017, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2017.

Recently Adopted Pronouncements

In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. This ASU is intended to simplify various aspects related to how share-based payments are accounted for and presented in the financial statements, including the income tax effects of share-based payments and accounting for forfeitures. The amendments in this update became effective for the Company’s reporting period beginning January 1, 2017. This guidance requires the Company to recognize excess tax benefits on share-based compensation arrangements in its tax provision, instead of in shareholders’ equity as under the previous guidance. During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company recorded $4.3 million of excess tax benefits in its tax provision as described further in Note 8, Income Taxes. In addition, these amounts are now required to be classified as an operating activity in the Company’s statement of cash flows rather than a financing activity. The Company has elected to present the cash flow statement using a prospective transition method and prior periods have not been adjusted. In addition, the Company has made an accounting policy election to continue to estimate the number of forfeitures expected to occur. The adoption of this guidance also increased the Company’s number of shares used in its calculation of fully diluted earnings per share due to the reduction in assumed proceeds under the treasury stock method which also impacts how the Company determines its earnings per share calculation. Upon adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2017, the Company also recognized $29.6 million of its unrealized excess tax benefits, described further in Note 12, Income Taxes in the 2016 10-K, as deferred tax assets on its consolidated balance sheet with a corresponding increase to its retained earnings.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-06, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Contingent Put and Call Options in Debt Instruments. This ASU clarified the requirements for assessing whether contingent put or call options that can accelerate the payment of principal on debt instruments are clearly and closely related (i.e. an entity is required to assess whether the economic characteristics and risks of embedded put or call options are clearly and closely related to those of their debt hosts only in accordance with the four-step decision sequence of FASB Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging). An entity should no longer assess whether the event that triggers the ability to exercise a put or call option is related to interest rates or credit risk of the entity. In the first quarter of 2017, the Company adopted and applied the standard to its applicable financial instruments. The adoption of this guidance had no financial impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

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In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-05, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Effect of Derivative Contract Novations on Existing Hedge Accounting Relationships. This ASU provides guidance clarifying that the novation of a derivative contract (i.e. a change in counterparty) in a hedge accounting relationship does not, in and of itself, require dedesignation of that hedge accounting relationship. If all of the other hedge accounting criteria are met, including the expectation that the hedge will be highly effective when the creditworthiness of the new counterpart to the derivative contract is considered, the hedging relationship will continue uninterrupted. The adoption of this guidance during the first quarter of 2017 had no financial impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The new revenue recognition standard provides a five-step analysis of contracts to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In August 2015, the FASB deferred the effective date of ASU No. 2014-09 for all entities by one year to annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The FASB has issued several updates subsequently including implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations, on how an entity should account for licensing arrangements with customers, and to improve guidance on assessing collectability, presentation of sales taxes, noncash consideration, and contract modifications and completed contracts at transition. The amendments in this series of updates shall be applied either retrospectively to each period presented or as a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the date of adoption. Early adoption is permitted. The Company continues to assess the impact this ASU, and related subsequent updates, will have on its consolidated financial statements. The Company has not completed its accounting assessments related to the new standard and has not yet determined the financial impact as of March 31, 2017. The Company continues to analyze its worldwide business, its revenue streams and its payments to Members to determine the timing of recognition and the income statement classification.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The updated guidance enhances the reporting model for financial instruments by modifying how entities measure and recognize equity investments and present changes in the fair value of financial liabilities, and by simplifying the disclosure guidance for financial instruments. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. The amendments in this update should be applied prospectively. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this adoption on its consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The updated guidance requires lessees to recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use asset, measured at the present value of the future minimum lease payments, at the lease commencement date. Recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses will depend on classification as a finance or operating lease. The amendments also require certain quantitative and qualitative disclosures. ASU 2016-02 is effective for all interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. A modified retrospective approach must be applied for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this adoption on its consolidated financial statements, however, increases in both assets and liabilities are expected.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-04, Liabilities — Extinguishments of Liabilities (Subtopic 405-20): Recognition of Breakage for Certain Prepaid Stored-Value Products. This ASU requires entities that sell prepaid stored-value products redeemable for goods, services or cash at third-party merchants to recognize breakage (i.e., the value that is ultimately not redeemed by the consumer) in a way that is consistent with how it will be recognized under the new revenue recognition standard. Under current U.S. GAAP, there is diversity in practice in how entities account for breakage that results when a consumer does not redeem the entire product balance. This ASU clarifies that an entity’s liability for prepaid stored-value products within its scope meets the definition of a financial liability. The amendments in this update are effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The amendment may be applied using either a modified retrospective approach or a full retrospective approach. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this adoption on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instrument — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This ASU changes the impairment model for most financial assets, requiring the use of an expected loss model which requires entities to estimate the lifetime expected credit loss on financial assets measured at amortized cost. Such credit losses will be recorded as an allowance to offset the amortized cost of the financial asset, resulting in a net presentation of the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. In addition, credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities will now be recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a direct write-down to the security. The amendments in this update are effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this adoption on its consolidated financial statements.

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In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. This ASU provides clarification on eight specific cash flow issues regarding presentation and classification in the statement of cash flows with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice. The amendments in this update are effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this adoption on its consolidated financial statements.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. This ASU requires that entities recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. The amendments in this update do not change U.S. GAAP for the pre-tax effects of an intra-entity asset transfer under Topic 810, Consolidation, or for an intra-entity transfer of inventory. The amendments in this update are effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this adoption on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. This ASU requires that restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period amounts shown on the statements of cash flows. The amendments in this update are effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this adoption on its consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This ASU simplifies the test for goodwill impairment by removing Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Companies will now perform the goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, recognizing an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. The amendments in this update are effective for goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for goodwill impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this adoption on its consolidated financial statements.

Other Operating Income

To encourage local investment and operations, governments in various China provinces conduct grant programs. The Company applied for and received several such grants in China. Government grants are recorded into income when a legal right to the grant exists, there is a reasonable assurance that the grant proceeds will be received, and the substantive conditions under which the grants were provided have been met. During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company did not recognize any government grant income related to its regional headquarters and distribution centers within China. To conform to the current period presentation, for the three months ended March 31, 2016, $0.8 million in government grant income in China has been reclassified from selling, general, and administrative expenses to other operating income within its condensed consolidated statements of income. The Company intends to continue applying for government grants in China when programs are available; however, there is no assurance that the Company will receive grants in future periods.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications were made to the prior period condensed consolidated balance sheets, the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows to conform to the current period presentation. See Note 13, Detail of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts, for further information on certain balance sheet items that are combined for financial statement presentation.

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3. Inventories

Inventories consist primarily of finished goods available for resale. Inventories are stated at lower of cost (primarily on the first-in, first-out basis) and net realizable value.

The following are the major classes of inventory:

4. Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consists of the following:

Senior Secured Credit Facility

On May 4, 2015, the Company amended its prior senior secured credit facility, or the Prior Credit Facility, to extend the maturity date of its revolving credit facility, or the Prior Revolving Credit Facility, by one year to March 9, 2017. Pursuant to this amendment and upon execution, the Company made prepayments of approximately $20.3 million and $50.9 million on its $500 million term loan under the Prior Credit Facility, or the Prior Term Loan, and the Prior Revolving Credit Facility, respectively. Additionally, the Company’s $700 million borrowing capacity on its Prior Revolving Credit Facility was reduced by approximately $235.9 million upon execution of this amendment, and was further reduced by approximately $39.1 million on September 30, 2015. The Prior Term Loan matured on March 9, 2016 and was repaid in full. The total available borrowing capacity under the Prior Revolving Credit Facility was $425.0 million as of December 31, 2016. Prior to March 9, 2016, the interest rates on the Company’s borrowings under the Prior Credit Facility remained effectively unchanged except that the minimum applicable margin was increased by 0.50% and LIBOR was subject to a minimum floor of 0.25%. After March 9, 2016, the applicable interest rates on the Company’s borrowings under the Prior Credit Facility increased by 2.00% such that borrowings under the Prior Credit Facility began bearing interest at either LIBOR plus the applicable margin between 4.00% and 5.00% or the base rate plus the applicable margin between 3.00% and 4.00%, based on the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio. The Company incurred approximately $6.2 million of debt issuance costs in connection with the amendment. These debt issuance costs were recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet and were amortized over the life of the Prior Revolving Credit Facility.

On February 15, 2017, the Company entered into a new $1,450.0 million senior secured credit facility, or the Credit Facility, consisting of a $1,300.0 million term loan B, or the Term Loan, and a $150 million revolving credit facility, or the Revolving Credit Facility, with a syndicate of financial institutions as lenders, or Lenders. The Revolving Credit Facility matures on February 15, 2022 and the Term Loan matures on February 15, 2023.

The Term Loan was issued to the Lenders at a 2% discount, or $26.0 million. In connection with the Credit Facility, the Company also repaid the $410.0 million outstanding balance on its Prior Revolving Credit Facility. The Company incurred

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approximately $22.6 million of debt issuance costs in connection with the Credit Facility. The debt issuance costs and the discount are recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet and are being amortized over the life of the Credit Facility using the effective interest method.

Borrowings under the Term Loan bear interest at either the eurocurrency rate plus a margin of 5.50% or the base rate plus a margin of 4.50%. Prior to August 15, 2017, borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at the eurocurrency rate plus a margin of 4.75% or the base rate plus a margin of 3.75%. After August 15, 2017, borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, depending on Herbalife’s consolidated leverage ratio, will bear interest at either the eurocurrency rate plus a margin of either 4.50% or 4.75% or the base rate plus a margin of either 3.50% or 3.75%. The base rate represents the highest of the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50%, one-month adjusted LIBOR plus 1.00%, and the prime rate set by Credit Suisse, and is subject to a floor of 1.75%. The eurocurrency rate is based on adjusted LIBOR and is subject to a floor of 0.75%.  The Company is required to pay a commitment fee on the Revolving Facility of 0.50% per annum on the undrawn portion of the Revolving Credit Facility. Interest is due at least quarterly on amounts outstanding on the Credit Facility.  

The Credit Facility requires the Company to comply with a leverage ratio. In addition, the Credit Facility contains customary events of default and covenants, including covenants that limit or restrict the Company’s ability to incur liens, incur indebtedness, make investments, dispose of assets, make certain restricted payments, pay dividends, repurchase its common shares, merge or consolidate and enter into certain transactions with affiliates.  The Company is also required to maintain a minimum balance of $200.0 million of consolidated cash and cash equivalents. As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company was in compliance with its debt covenants under the Credit Facility and the Prior Credit Facility, respectively.

The Term Loan is payable in consecutive quarterly installments each in an aggregate principal amount of $24.4 million beginning June 30, 2017. In addition, the Company may be required to make mandatory prepayments towards the Term Loan based on the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio and annual excess cash flows as defined under the terms of the Credit Facility.  The Company is also permitted to make voluntary prepayments. These prepayments, if any, will be applied against remaining quarterly installments owed under the Term Loan in order of maturity with the remaining principal due upon maturity.  

On March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the weighted average interest rate for borrowings under the Credit Facility and the Prior Credit Facility, was 5.97% and 4.29%, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company repaid a total amount of $410.0 million to repay in full amounts outstanding on the Prior Revolving Credit Facility. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company repaid a total amount of $229.7 million to repay in full the Prior Term Loan. As of March 31, 2017, the U.S. dollar amount outstanding under the Term Loan was $1,300.0 million. There were no borrowings outstanding on the Revolving Credit Facility as of March 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2016, the U.S. dollar amount outstanding under the Prior Revolving Credit Facility was $410.0 million. There were no outstanding foreign currency borrowings as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 under the Credit Facility and the Prior Credit Facility, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company recognized $11.2 million of interest expense relating to the Term Loan, which included $0.6 million relating to non-cash interest expense relating to the debt discount and $0.4 million relating to amortization of debt issuance costs.

The fair value of the outstanding borrowings on the Term Loan is determined by utilizing over-the-counter market quotes, which are considered Level 2 inputs as defined in Note 12, Fair Value Measurements. As of March 31, 2017, the carrying amount of the Term Loan was $1,257.3 million and the fair value was approximately $1.3 billion.  There were no amounts outstanding on the Revolving Credit Facility as of March 31, 2017.  The fair value of the outstanding borrowings on the Company’s Prior Revolving Credit Facility approximated its carrying value as of December 31, 2016 due to its variable interest rate which reprices frequently and which represents floating market rates. The fair value of the outstanding borrowings on the Prior Revolving Credit Facility was determined by utilizing Level 2 inputs as defined in Note 12, Fair Value Measurements, such as observable market interest rates and yield curves.

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Convertible Senior Notes

During February 2014, the Company initially issued $1 billion aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes, or Convertible Notes, in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers, pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The Company granted an option to the initial purchasers to purchase up to an additional $150 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes which was subsequently exercised in full during February 2014, resulting in a total issuance of $1.15 billion aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes are senior unsecured obligations which rank effectively subordinate to any of the Company’s existing and future secured indebtedness, including amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness. The Convertible Notes pay interest at a rate of 2.00% per annum payable semiannually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 of each year, beginning on August 15, 2014. The Convertible Notes mature on August 15, 2019, unless earlier repurchased or converted. The Company may not redeem the Convertible Notes prior to their stated maturity date. Holders of the Convertible Notes may convert their notes at their option under the following circumstances: (i) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending March 31, 2014, if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common shares for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) in a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter exceeds 130% of the conversion price for the Convertible Notes on each applicable trading day; (ii) during the five business-day period immediately after any five consecutive trading day period, or the measurement period, in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes for each trading day of that measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common shares and the conversion rate for the Convertible Notes for each such day; or (iii) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On and after May 15, 2019, holders may convert their Convertible Notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion, the Convertible Notes will be settled in cash and, if applicable, the Company’s common shares, based on the applicable conversion rate at such time. The Convertible Notes had an initial conversion rate of 11.5908 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Notes (which is equal to an initial conversion price of approximately $86.28 per common share).

The Company incurred approximately $26.6 million of issuance costs during the first quarter of 2014 relating to the issuance of the Convertible Notes. Of the $26.6 million issuance costs incurred, $21.5 million and $5.1 million were recorded as debt issuance costs and additional paid-in capital, respectively, in proportion to the allocation of the proceeds of the Convertible Notes. The $21.5 million of debt issuance cost recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet is being amortized over the contractual term of the Convertible Notes using the effective interest method.

During February 2014, the $1.15 billion proceeds received from the issuance of the Convertible Notes were initially allocated between long-term debt, or liability component, and additional paid-in-capital, or equity component, within the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet at $930.9 million and $219.1 million, respectively. The liability component was measured using the nonconvertible debt interest rate. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the face value of the Convertible Notes as a whole. Since the Company must still settle these Convertible Notes at face value at or prior to maturity, this liability component will be accreted up to its face value resulting in additional non-cash interest expense being recognized within the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income while the Convertible Notes remain outstanding. The effective interest rate on the Convertible Notes is approximately 6.2% per annum. The equity component is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification.

As of March 31, 2017, the outstanding principal on the Convertible Notes was $1.15 billion, the unamortized debt discount and debt issuance cost was $114.2 million, and the carrying amount of the liability component was $1,035.8 million, which was recorded to long-term debt within the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as reflected in the table above within this Note. As of December 31, 2016, the outstanding principal on the Convertible Notes was $1.15 billion, the unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs was $125.2 million, and the carrying amount of the liability component was $1,024.8 million, which was recorded to long-term debt within the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as reflected in the table above within this Note.  The fair value of the liability component relating to the Convertible Notes was approximately $1,040.5 million and $961.3 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company determined the fair value of the liability component of the Convertible Notes using two valuation methods. The Company reviewed market data that was available for publicly traded, senior, unsecured nonconvertible corporate bonds issued by companies with similar credit ratings. Assumptions used in the estimate represent what market participants would use in pricing the liability component, including market yields and credit standing to develop the straight debt yield estimate. The Company also used a lattice model, which included inputs such as stock price, the Convertible Note trading price, volatility and dividend yield to estimate the straight debt yield. The Company combined the results of the two valuation methods to determine the fair value of the liability component of the Convertible Notes. Most of these inputs are primarily considered Level 2 and Level 3 inputs. This valuation approach was similar to the approach the Company used to determine the initial fair value of the liability component of the Convertible Notes on the February 7, 2014 issuance date.

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In conjunction with the issuance of the Convertible Notes, during February 2014, the Company paid approximately $685.8 million to enter into prepaid forward share repurchase transactions, or the Forward Transactions, with certain financial institutions, and paid approximately $123.8 million to enter into capped call transactions with respect to its common shares, or the Capped Call Transactions, with certain financial institutions. See Note 10, Shareholders’ Equity, for additional discussion on the Forward Transactions and Capped Call Transactions entered into in conjunction with the issuance of these Convertible Notes.

During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company recognized $16.8 million of interest expense relating to the Convertible Notes, which included $10.0 million relating to non-cash interest expense relating to the debt discount and $1.0 million relating to amortization of debt issuance costs. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company recognized $16.1 million of interest expense relating to the Convertible Notes, which included $9.4 million relating to non-cash interest expense relating to the debt discount and $0.9 million relating to amortization of debt issuance costs. 

Total Debt

The Company’s total interest expense was $32.5 million and $26.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, which was recognized within its condensed consolidated statements of income.

As of March 31, 2017, annual scheduled principal payments of debt were: $79.3 million for the remainder of 2017; and $100.4 million; $1,247.9 million; $97.8 million; $97.5 million; $97.5 million; and $739.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023, respectively.

Certain vendors and government agencies may require letters of credit or similar guaranteeing arrangements to be issued or executed. As of March 31, 2017, the Company had $40.0 million of issued but undrawn letters of credit or similar arrangements that were unsecured, which included the Mexico Value Added Tax, or VAT, related surety bonds described in Note 5, Contingencies.

5. Contingencies

The Company is from time to time engaged in routine litigation. The Company regularly reviews all pending litigation matters in which it is involved and establishes reserves deemed appropriate by management for these litigation matters when a probable loss estimate can be made.

Tax Matters

On May 7, 2010, the Company received an assessment from the Mexican Tax Administration Service in an amount equivalent to approximately $61 million, translated at the March 31, 2017 spot rate, for various items, the majority of which was VAT allegedly owed on certain of the Company’s products imported into Mexico during the years 2005 and 2006. This assessment is subject to interest and inflationary adjustments. On July 8, 2010, the Company initiated a formal administrative appeal process. On May 13, 2011, the Mexican Tax Administration Service issued a resolution on the Company’s administrative appeal. The resolution nullified the assessment. Since the Mexican Tax Administration Service can further review the tax audit findings and re-issue some or all of the original assessment, the Company commenced litigation in the Tax Court of Mexico in August 2011 to dispute the assertions made by the Mexican Tax Administration Service in the case. The Company received notification on February 6, 2015 that the Tax Court of Mexico nullified substantially all of the assessment. On March 18, 2015, the Mexican Tax Administration Service filed an appeal against the verdict with the Circuit Court. On August 27, 2015, the Circuit Court remanded the case back to the Tax Court of Mexico to reconsider a portion of the procedural decision that was adverse to the Mexican Tax Administration Service. The Company received notification on March 18, 2016 that the Tax Court of Mexico nullified a portion of the assessment and upheld a portion of the original assessment. On August 25, 2016, the Company filed a further appeal of this decision to the Circuit Court. On April 6, 2017, the Circuit Court issued a verdict with the Company prevailing on some lesser issues and the Tax Administration Service prevailing on the core issue. The Company is currently reviewing this verdict and intends to file an appeal with the Supreme Court of Mexico. The Company believes that it has meritorious defenses if the assessment is reissued. The Company has not recognized a loss as the Company does not believe a loss is probable.

The Mexican Tax Administration Service commenced audits of the Company’s Mexican subsidiaries for the period from January to September 2007 and on May 10, 2013, the Company received an assessment of approximately $15.7 million, translated at the March 31, 2017 spot rate, related to that period. On July 11, 2013, the Company filed an administrative appeal disputing the assessment. On September 22, 2014, the Mexican Tax Administration Service denied the Company’s administrative appeal. The Company commenced litigation in the Tax Court of Mexico in November 2014 to dispute the assertions made by the Mexican Tax Administration Service in the case. The Company issued a surety bond in the amount of $17.4 million, translated at the March 31, 2017 spot rate, through an insurance company to guarantee payment of the tax assessment as required while the Company pursues an

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appeal of the assessment. Litigation in this case is currently ongoing. The Company has not recognized a loss as the Company does not believe a loss is probable.

The Mexican Tax Administration Service has delayed processing VAT refunds for companies operating in Mexico and the Company believes that the process for its Mexico subsidiary to receive VAT refunds may be delayed. As of March 31, 2017, the Company had $46.9 million of Mexico VAT related assets, of which $39.7 million was within non-current other assets and $7.2 million was within prepaid expenses and other current assets on its consolidated balance sheet. This amount relates to VAT payments made over various periods and the Company believes these amounts are recoverable by refund or they may be applied against certain future tax liabilities. The Company has not recognized any losses related to these VAT related assets as the Company does not believe a loss is probable.

On March 26, 2015, the Office of the President of Mexico issued a decree relating to the application of VAT to Nutritional Supplements. The Company continues to believe its application of the VAT law in Mexico is correct. At March 31, 2017, the Company has not recognized any losses as the Company, based on its current analysis and guidance from its advisors, does not believe a loss is probable. The Company continues to evaluate and monitor its situation as it develops, including whether it will make any changes to its operations in Mexico.

The Company has not recognized a loss with respect to any of these Mexican matters as the Company, based on its analysis and guidance from its advisors, does not believe a loss is probable. Further, the Company is currently unable to reasonably estimate a possible loss or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome if an assessment was re-issued or any additional assessments were to be issued for these or other periods. The Company believes that it has meritorious defenses if the assessment is re-issued or would have meritorious defenses if any additional assessment is issued.

As previously disclosed, the Mexican Tax Administration Service has requested information related to the Company’s 2010 year. This information has been provided and the Tax Administration Service has now completed its income tax audit related to the 2010 year. The Tax Administration Service is now discussing its preliminary findings with the Company. It is possible that the Company could receive a final assessment from the Tax Administration Service after these discussions are completed. The Company believes that it has recognized an appropriate amount of income tax expense with respect to its Mexican operations during the 2010 year. The Company believes that it has meritorious defenses if a formal assessment is issued by the Tax Administration Service. The Company is currently unable to reasonably estimate the amount of loss that may result from an unfavorable outcome if a formal assessment is issued by the Tax Administration Service.

The Company received a tax assessment in September 2009 from the Federal Revenue Office of Brazil in an amount equivalent to approximately $2.3 million, translated at the March 31, 2017 spot rate, related to withholding/contributions based on payments to the Company’s Members during 2004. On December 28, 2010, the Company appealed this tax assessment to the Administrative Council of Tax Appeals (2nd level administrative appeal). The Company believes it has meritorious defenses and it has not recognized a loss as the Company does not believe a loss is probable. On March 6, 2014, the Company was notified of a similar audit of the 2011 year. In January 2016, the Company received a tax assessment for an amount equivalent to approximately $5.6 million, translated at the March 31, 2017 spot rate, related to contributions based on payments to the Company’s Members during 2011. The Company filed a first level administrative appeal against most of the assessment on February 23, 2016, which was subsequently denied.  On March 13, 2017, the Company appealed this tax assessment to the Administrative Council of Tax Appeals (2nd level administrative appeal).   The Company has not accrued a loss for the majority of the assessment because the Company does not believe a loss is probable.  The Company is currently unable to reasonably estimate the amount of the loss that may result from an unfavorable outcome if additional assessments for other periods were to be issued.

The Company’s Brazilian subsidiary pays ICMS-ST taxes on its product purchases, similar to VAT. The Company had $16.6 million, translated at the March 31, 2017 spot rate, of Brazil ICMS-ST related assets within other assets on its consolidated balance sheet. The Company believes it will be able to utilize or recover these ICMS-ST credits in the future.

The Company is under examination in several Brazilian states related to ICMS and ICMS-ST taxation. Some of these examinations have resulted in assessments for underpaid tax that the Company has appealed. The State of Sao Paulo has audited the Company for the 2013 and 2014 tax years. During July 2016, for the State of Sao Paulo, the Company received an assessment in the aggregate amount of approximately $51.3 million, translated at the March 31, 2017 spot rate, relating to various ICMS issues for its 2013 tax year and it is possible the Company could receive a similar assessment for its 2014 tax year. In August 2016, the Company filed a first level administrative appeal which was denied in February 2017. The Company filed a further appeal on March 9, 2017. The Company has not recognized a loss as the Company does not believe a loss is probable. The Company has also received other ICMS tax assessments in Brazil. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company filed appeals with state judicial courts against three of the assessments. The Company had issued surety bonds in the aggregate amount of $13.3 million, translated at the March 31, 2017 spot rate, to guarantee payment of some of the tax assessments as required while the Company pursues the appeals. In addition, the

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Company has received several ICMS tax assessments in the aggregate amount of $8.5 million, translated at the March 31, 2017 spot rate, from several Brazilian states where surety bonds have not been issued. Litigation in all these cases is currently ongoing. The Company has not recognized a loss as the Company does not believe a loss is probable.

The Company has received various tax assessments in multiple states in India for multiple years from the Indian VAT authorities in an amount equivalent to approximately $8.1 million, translated at the March 31, 2017 spot rate. These assessments are for underpaid VAT. The Company is litigating these cases at the tax administrative level and the tax tribunal levels as it believes it has meritorious defenses. The Company has not recognized a loss as it does not believe a loss is probable.

The Korea Customs Service audited the importation activities of Herbalife Korea for the period January 2011 through May 2013. The total assessment for the audit period is $32.0 million translated at the March 31, 2017 spot rate. The Company has paid the assessment and has recognized these payments within other assets on its condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company lodged a first level administrative appeal, which was denied on October 21, 2016. On January 31, 2017, the Company filed a further appeal to the National Tax Tribunal of Korea. The Company disagrees with the assertions made in the assessments, as well as the calculation methodology used in the assessments. The Company has not recognized a loss as the Company does not believe a loss is probable.

During the course of 2016, the Company received various questions from the Greek Social Security Agency and on December 29, 2016, the Greek Social Security Agency issued an assessment of approximately $2.1 million translated at the March 31, 2017 spot rate, with respect to Social Security Contributions on Member earnings for the 2006 year.  For Social Security issues, the Statute of Limitations is open for 2007 and later years in Greece.  The Company could receive similar assessments covering other years.  The Company disputes the allegations raised in the assessment and has filed an administrative appeal against the assessment with the Social Security Agency.  The Company has not recognized a loss as it does not believe a loss is probable.  

U.S. Federal Trade Commission Consent Order 

As previously disclosed, the Company received from the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, or the FTC, a Civil Investigative Demand, or a CID, relating to the FTC’s confidential investigation of whether the Company has complied with federal law in the advertising, marketing, or sale of business opportunities. On July 15, 2016, the Company and the FTC entered into a proposed Stipulation to Entry of Order for Permanent Injunction and Monetary Judgment, or the Consent Order. The Consent Order was lodged with the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California on July 15, 2016 and became effective on July 25, 2016, or the Effective Date, upon final approval by the Court. The Consent Order resolved the FTC’s multi-year investigation of the Company.

Pursuant to the Consent Order, under which the Company neither admitted nor denied the FTC’s allegations (except as to the Court having jurisdiction over the matter), the Company made, through its wholly owned subsidiary Herbalife International of America, Inc., a $200 million payment to the FTC. Additionally, the Company agreed to implement certain new procedures and enhance certain existing procedures in the U.S., most of which the Company will have 10 months from the Effective Date to implement. Among other requirements, the Consent Order requires the Company to categorize all existing and future Members in the U.S. as either “preferred members” – who are simply consumers who only wish to purchase products for their own household use, or “distributors” – who are members who wish to resell some products or build a sales organization. The Company also agreed to compensate distributors on U.S. retail sales within their downline organization, which include purchases by preferred members, purchases by a distributor for his or her personal consumption within allowable limits and sales of product by a distributor to his or her customers. The Consent Order also imposes restrictions on distributors’ ability to open Nutrition Clubs in the United States. The Consent Order subjects the Company to certain audits by an independent compliance auditor for a period of seven years; imposes requirements on the Company regarding compliance certification and record creation and maintenance; and prohibits the Company, its affiliates and its distributors from making misrepresentations and misleading claims regarding, among other things, income and lavish lifestyles. The FTC and an independent compliance auditor will have the right to inspect Company records and request additional compliance reports for purposes of conducting audits pursuant to the Consent Order. In September 2016, the Company and the FTC mutually selected Affiliated Monitors, Inc. to serve as the independent compliance auditor. The Company is monitoring the impact of the Consent Order and, while the Company currently does not expect the settlement to have a long-term and materially adverse impact on its business and its Member base, the Company’s business and its Member base, particularly in the United States, may be negatively impacted as the Company and the Member base adjust to the changes. If the Company is unable to comply with the Consent Order then this could result in a material and adverse impact to the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.

Other Matters

As a marketer of foods, dietary and nutritional supplements, and other products that are ingested by consumers or applied to their bodies, the Company has been and is currently subjected to various product liability claims. The effects of these claims to date have not been material to the Company. The Company currently maintains product liability insurance with an annual deductible of $15 million.

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The SEC and the Department of Justice have requested from the Company documents and other information relating to the Company’s anti-corruption compliance in China and the Company is conducting its own review. The Company is cooperating with the government and cannot predict the eventual scope, duration, or outcome of the matter at this time.

Since late 2012, a short seller has made and continues to make allegations regarding the Company and its network marketing program. The Company believes these allegations are without merit and is vigorously defending itself against such claims, including proactively reaching out to governmental authorities about what the Company believes is manipulative activity with respect to its securities. Because of these allegations, the Company and others have received and may receive additional regulatory and governmental inquiries. For example, the Company has previously disclosed inquiries from the FTC, Securities and Exchange Commission and other governmental authorities. In the future, governmental authorities may determine to seek information from the Company and other persons relating to these same or other allegations. If the Company believes any governmental or regulatory inquiry or investigation is or becomes material it will be disclosed individually. Consistent with its policies, the Company has cooperated and will continue to fully cooperate with any governmental or regulatory inquiries or investigations.

These matters described in this Note may take several years to resolve. While the Company believes it has meritorious defenses, it cannot be sure of their ultimate resolution. Although the Company may reserve amounts for certain matters that the Company believes represent the most likely outcome of the resolution of these related disputes, if the Company is incorrect in its assessment, the Company may have to record additional expenses, when it becomes probable that an increased potential liability is warranted.

6. Segment Information

The Company is a nutrition company that sells a wide range of weight management, targeted nutrition, energy, sports & fitness, and outer nutrition products. The Company’s products are manufactured by third party providers and by the Company in its Changsha, Hunan, China extraction facility, Suzhou, China facility, Nanjing, China facility, Lake Forest, California facility, and in its Winston-Salem, North Carolina facility, and then are sold to Members who consume and sell Herbalife products to retail consumers or other Members. Revenues reflect sales of products by the Company to its Members and are categorized based on geographic location.

As of March 31, 2017, the Company sold products in 94 countries throughout the world and was organized into and managed through six geographic regions: North America, Mexico, South & Central America, EMEA (Europe, Middle East, and Africa), Asia Pacific and China. The Company defines its operating segments as those geographical operations. The Company aggregates its operating segments, excluding China, into a reporting segment, or the Primary Reporting Segment, as management believes that the Company’s operating segments have similar operating characteristics and similar long term operating performance. In making this determination, management believes that the operating segments are similar in the nature of the products sold, the product acquisition process, the types of customers to whom products are sold, the methods used to distribute the products, the nature of the regulatory environment, and their economic characteristics. China has been identified as a separate reporting segment as it does not meet the criteria for aggregation. The Company reviews its net sales and contribution margin by operating segment, and reviews its assets and capital expenditures on a consolidated basis and not by operating segment. Therefore, net sales and contribution margin are presented by reportable segment and assets and capital expenditures by segment are not presented.

The operating information for the two reportable segments are as follows:

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The following table sets forth net sales by geographic area:

7. Share-Based Compensation

The Company has share-based compensation plans, which are more fully described in Note 9, Share-Based Compensation, to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2016 10-K. During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company granted stock appreciation rights, or SARs, subject to service conditions and service and performance conditions.

For the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, share-based compensation expense amounted to $11.3 million and $9.8 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2017, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to all non-vested stock awards was $75.1 million and the related weighted-average period over which it is expected to be recognized is approximately 1.7 years.

The following tables summarize the activity under all share-based compensation plans for the three months ended March 31, 2017:

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The weighted-average grant date fair value of SARs granted during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 was $28.32 and $21.69, respectively. The total intrinsic value of SARs exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 was $16.8 million and $5.9 million, respectively.

The total vesting date fair value of stock units which vested during both the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 was less than $0.1 million.

8. Income Taxes

Income taxes were $28.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to $47.6 million for the same period in 2016. The effective income tax rate was 25.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to 33.2% for the same period in 2016. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016, was primarily due to the increase in net benefits from discrete events in addition to the impact of changes in the geographic mix of the Company’s income. Included in the discrete events for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was the impact of $4.3 million of excess tax benefits generated during the quarter relating to the Company’s application of ASU 2016-09 that was adopted on January 1, 2017.

As of March 31, 2017, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, including related interest and penalties was $67.5 million. If the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was recognized, $48.9 million of unrecognized tax benefits, $10.3 million of interest and $2.2 million of penalties would impact the effective tax rate.

The Company believes that it is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits could decrease by up to approximately $11.5 million within the next twelve months. Of this possible decrease, $4.7 million would be due to the settlement of audits or resolution of administrative or judicial proceedings. The remaining possible decrease of $6.8 million would be due to the expiration of statute of limitations in various jurisdictions. For a description on contingency matters relating to income taxes see Note 5, Contingencies.

9. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

Foreign Currency Instruments

The Company designates certain foreign currency derivatives, primarily comprised of foreign currency forward contracts, as freestanding derivatives for which hedge accounting does not apply. The changes in the fair market value of these freestanding derivatives are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income. The Company uses freestanding foreign currency derivatives to hedge foreign-currency-denominated intercompany transactions and to partially mitigate the impact of foreign currency fluctuations. The fair value of the freestanding foreign currency derivatives is based on third-party quotes. The Company’s foreign currency derivative contracts are generally executed on a monthly basis.

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The Company designates as cash-flow hedges those foreign currency forward contracts it enters into to hedge forecasted inventory purchases and intercompany management fees that are subject to foreign currency exposures. Forward contracts are used to hedge forecasted inventory purchases over specific months. Changes in the fair value of these forward contracts, excluding forward points, designated as cash-flow hedges are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within shareholders’ equity, and are recognized in cost of sales in the condensed consolidated statements of income during the period which approximates the time the hedged inventory is sold. The Company also hedges forecasted intercompany management fees over specific months. These contracts allow the Company to sell Euros in exchange for U.S. dollars at specified contract rates. Changes in the fair value of these forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within shareholders’ equity, and are recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of income during the period when the hedged item and underlying transaction affect earnings.

As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the aggregate notional amounts of all foreign currency contracts outstanding designated as cash flow hedges were approximately $117.0 million and $90.0 million, respectively. At March 31, 2017, these outstanding contracts were expected to mature over the next fifteen months. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet at fair value based on third-party quotes. As of March 31, 2017, the Company recorded assets at fair value of $2.7 million and liabilities at fair value of $4.5 million relating to all outstanding foreign currency contracts designated as cash-flow hedges. As of December 31, 2016, the Company recorded assets at fair value of $4.6 million. The Company assesses hedge effectiveness and measures hedge ineffectiveness at least quarterly. During the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the ineffective portion relating to these hedges was immaterial and the hedges remained effective as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the majority of the Company’s outstanding foreign currency forward contracts had maturity dates of less than twelve months with the majority of freestanding derivatives expiring within one month as of both March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. As of March 31, 2017, the Company had aggregate notional amounts of approximately $358.8 million of foreign currency contracts, inclusive of freestanding contracts and contracts designated as cash flow hedges.

Gains and Losses on Derivative Instruments

The following table summarizes gains (losses) relating to derivative instruments recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016:

As of March 31, 2017, the estimated amount of existing net losses related to cash flow hedges recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss that are expected to be reclassified into earnings over the next twelve months was $1.1 million.

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The following table summarizes gains (losses) relating to derivative instruments recorded to income during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016:

The following table summarizes gains (losses) relating to derivative instruments reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into income during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016:

The Company reports its derivatives at fair value as either assets or liabilities within its condensed consolidated balance sheet. See Note 12, Fair Value Measurements, for information on derivative fair values and their condensed consolidated balance sheet location as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

10. Shareholders’ Equity

Dividends

The declaration of future dividends is subject to the discretion of the Company’s board of directors and will depend upon various factors, including its earnings, financial condition, Herbalife Ltd.’s available distributable reserves under Cayman Islands law, restrictions imposed by the Credit Facility and the terms of any other indebtedness that may be outstanding, cash requirements, future prospects and other factors deemed relevant by its board of directors.

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Share Repurchases

On February 21, 2017, the Company’s board of directors authorized a new three-year $1.5 billion share repurchase program that will expire on February 21, 2020, which replaced the Company’s prior share repurchase authorization which was set to expire on June 30, 2017 which, as of December 31, 2016, had $232.9 million of remaining authorized capacity. This share repurchase program allows the Company, which includes an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Herbalife Ltd., to repurchase the Company’s common shares, at such times and prices as determined by the Company’s management as market conditions warrant and to the extent Herbalife Ltd.’s distributable reserves are available under Cayman Islands law. The Credit Facility permits the Company to repurchase its common shares as long as no default or event of default exists and other conditions such as specified consolidated leverage ratios are met.

In conjunction with the issuance of the Convertible Notes during February 2014, the Company paid approximately $685.8 million to enter into prepaid forward share repurchase transactions, or the Forward Transactions, with certain financial institutions, or the Forward Counterparties, pursuant to which the Company purchased approximately 9.9 million common shares, at an average cost of $69.02 per share, for settlement on or around the August 15, 2019 maturity date for the Convertible Notes, subject to the ability of each Forward Counterparty to elect to settle all or a portion of its Forward Transactions early. See Note 4, Long-Term Debt for further information on the conditions for which Holders of the Convertible Notes may convert their notes prior to the maturity date. The Forward Transactions were generally expected to facilitate privately negotiated derivative transactions between the Forward Counterparties and holders of the Convertible Notes, including swaps, relating to the common shares by which holders of the Convertible Notes establish short positions relating to the common shares and otherwise hedge their investments in the Convertible Notes concurrently with, or shortly after, the pricing of the Convertible Notes. The shares are treated as retired shares for basic and diluted EPS purposes although they remain legally outstanding.

As a result of the Forward Transactions, the Company’s total shareholders’ equity within its condensed consolidated balance sheet was reduced by approximately $685.8 million during the first quarter of 2014, with amounts of $653.9 million and $31.9 million being allocated between accumulated deficit and additional paid-in-capital, respectively, within total shareholders’ equity. Also, upon executing the Forward Transactions, the Company recorded, at fair value, $35.8 million in non-cash issuance costs to other assets and a corresponding amount to additional paid-in-capital within its condensed consolidated balance sheet. These non-cash issuance costs will be amortized to interest expense over the contractual term of the Forward Transactions. For both the three months ended March 31. 2017 and 2016, the Company recognized $1.6 million of non-cash interest expense within its condensed consolidated statements of income relating to amortization of these non-cash issuance costs.

During the three months ended March 31, 2017, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company purchased 1.1 million of Herbalife Ltd.’s common shares through open market purchases at an aggregate cost of approximately $60.7 million or an average cost of $56.10 per share which reduced the Company’s total shareholders’ equity and is reflected at cost within the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet. Although these shares are owned by an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, they are reflected as treasury shares under U.S. GAAP and therefore reduce the number of common shares outstanding within the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding used in calculating earnings per share. As of March 31, 2017, the Company held approximately 1.1 million of treasury shares for U.S. GAAP purposes. The Company did not repurchase any common shares in the open market during the three months ended March 31, 2016. As of March 31, 2017, the remaining authorized capacity under the Company’s $1.5 billion share repurchase program was $1,439.3 million.

The number of shares issued upon vesting or exercise for certain restricted stock units and SARs granted pursuant to the Company’s share-based compensation plans is net of the statutory withholding requirements that the Company pays on behalf of its employees. Although shares withheld are not issued, they are treated as common share repurchases in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and reduce the Company’s additional paid-in-capital within total shareholders’ equity and are reflected as share repurchases on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of cash flows as they reduce the number of shares that would have been issued upon vesting. These shares do not count against the authorized capacity under the Company’s share repurchase program described above.

For the three months ended March 31, 2017 and March 31, 2016, the Company’s share repurchases were $60.7 million and none, respectively, under the Company’s share repurchase programs and $7.5 million and $2.3 million, respectively, due to shares withheld for tax purposes related to the Company’s share-based compensation plans. For the three months ended March 31, 2017 and March 31, 2016, the Company’s total share repurchases, including shares withheld for tax purposes, were $68.2 million and $2.3 million, respectively, and have been recorded as a reduction to shareholders’ equity within the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company recorded $58.1 million of total share repurchases within financing activities on its condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2017, which excludes $10.1 million of share repurchases for which payment was made subsequent to the quarter end and therefore reflected as a liability within the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2017.  

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Capped Call Transactions

In February 2014, in connection with the issuance of Convertible Notes, the Company paid approximately $123.8 million to enter into capped call transactions with respect to its common shares, or the Capped Call Transactions, with certain financial institutions. The Capped Call Transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution upon conversion of the Convertible Notes in the event that the market price of the common shares is greater than the strike price of the Capped Call Transactions, initially set at $86.28 per common share, with such reduction of potential dilution subject to a cap based on the cap price initially set at $120.79 per common share. The strike price and cap price are subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the Capped Call Transactions. Therefore, as a result of executing the Capped Call Transactions, the Company in effect will only be exposed to potential net dilution once the market price of its common shares exceeds the adjusted cap price. As a result of the Capped Call Transactions, the Company’s additional paid-in capital within shareholders’ equity on its condensed consolidated balance sheet was reduced by $123.8 million during the first quarter of 2014.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table summarizes changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016:

Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications was net of tax expense of $2.6 million for foreign currency translation adjustment for the three months ended March 31, 2017.

Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications was net of tax benefits of $0.8 million and $0.2 million for foreign currency translation adjustment and unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss) to income were net of tax expense of $0.1 million for unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale- investments for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

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11. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share represents net income divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share represents net income divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, inclusive of the effect of dilutive securities such as outstanding SARs and stock units.

The following are the common share amounts used to compute the basic and diluted earnings per share for each period:

There were an aggregate of 5.3 million and 4.7 million of equity grants, consisting of SARs, and stock units that were outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, but were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because their effect would be anti-dilutive or the performance condition for the award had not been satisfied.

Since the Company will settle the principal amount of its Convertible Notes in cash and settle the conversion feature for the amount above the conversion price in common shares, or the conversion spread, the Company uses the treasury stock method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the conversion spread on diluted earnings per share, if applicable. The conversion spread will have a dilutive impact on diluted earnings per share when the average market price of the Company’s common shares for a given period exceeds the initial conversion price of $86.28 per share. For the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the Convertible Notes have been excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share as the effect would be anti-dilutive since the conversion price of the Convertible Notes exceeded the average market price of the Company’s common shares for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016. The initial conversion rate and conversion price is described further in Note 4, Long-Term Debt.

The Capped Call Transactions are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because their impact is always anti-dilutive.

12. Fair Value Measurements

The Company applies the provisions of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, or ASC 820, for its financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. ASC 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value into three broad levels as follows:

Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

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The Company measures certain assets and liabilities at fair value as discussed throughout the notes to its condensed consolidated financial statements. Foreign exchange currency contracts are valued using standard calculations and models primarily based on inputs such as observable forward rates, spot rates and foreign currency exchange rates at the reporting period ended date. The Company’s derivative assets and liabilities are measured at fair value and consisted of Level 2 inputs and their amounts are shown below at their gross values at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are comprised of money market funds and foreign and domestic bank accounts. These cash and cash equivalents are valued based on level 1 inputs which consist of quoted prices in active markets. To reduce its credit risk, the Company monitors the credit standing of the financial institutions that hold the Company’s cash and cash equivalents.

The Company’s deferred compensation plan assets consist of Company owned life insurance policies. As these policies are recorded at their cash surrender value, they are not required to be included in the fair value table above. See Note 6, Employee Compensation Plans, to the Company’s 2016 10-K for a further description of its deferred compensation plan assets.

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The following tables summarize the offsetting of the fair values of the Company’s derivative assets and derivative liabilities for presentation in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

The Company offsets all of its derivative assets and derivative liabilities in its condensed consolidated balance sheet to the extent it maintains master netting arrangements with related financial institutions. As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, all of the Company’s derivatives were subject to master netting arrangements and no collateralization was required for the Company’s derivative assets and derivative liabilities.

13. Detail of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts

Other Assets

The Other assets on the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets includes deferred compensation plan assets of $31.5 million and $30.6 million and long-term deferred tax assets of $189.9 million and $155.2 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

Other Current Liabilities

Other current liabilities consist of the following:

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Other Non-Current Liabilities

The Other non-current liabilities on the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets includes deferred compensation plan liabilities of $52.6 million and $50.0 million and deferred income tax liabilities of $15.8 million and $15.3 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 respectively. See Note 6, Employee Compensation Plans, in the 2016 10-K for a further description of the Company’s deferred compensation plan assets and liabilities.

14. Subsequent Events

During April 2017, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company repurchased approximately 1.0 million of the Company’s common shares for aggregate consideration of approximately $57.9 million through open market purchases under the Company’s $1.5 billion share repurchase program.  These repurchases were effected pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. See Note 10, Shareholders’ Equity, for a discussion of how common shares repurchased by the Company’s indirect wholly owned subsidiary are treated under U.S. GAAP.  

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Part I, Item 1 – Financial Information, of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our consolidated financial statements appearing in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, or the 2016 10-K. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references herein to the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our,” or similar terms, refer to Herbalife Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempt limited liability company, and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Overview

We are a global nutrition company that sells weight management, targeted nutrition, energy, sports & fitness, and outer nutrition products to and through independent members, or Members. In China, we sell our products to and through independent service providers, sales representatives, and sales officers to customers and preferred customers, as well as through Company-operated retail stores when necessary. We refer to Members that distribute our products and achieve certain qualification requirements as “sales leaders.”

We pursue our mission of “changing people’s lives” by providing high quality, science-based products to Members and their customers who seek a healthy lifestyle and we also offer a business opportunity to those Members who seek additional income. We believe the global obesity epidemic has made our quality products more relevant and the effectiveness of our distribution network, coupled with geographic expansion, have been the primary reasons for our success throughout our 37-year operating history.

Our products are grouped in four principal categories: weight management; targeted nutrition; energy, sports & fitness; and outer nutrition, along with literature and promotional items. Our products are often sold through a series of related products and literature designed to simplify weight management and nutrition for consumers and maximize our Members’ cross-selling opportunities.

Industry-wide factors that affect us and our competitors include the global obesity epidemic, the aging of the worldwide population and rising public health care costs, which are driving demand for weight management, nutrition and wellness-related products along with the global increase in under employment and unemployment which can affect the recruitment and retention of Members seeking additional income opportunities.

While we continue to monitor the current global financial environment, we remain focused on the opportunities and challenges in retailing of our products, recruiting and retaining Members, improving Member productivity, further penetrating existing markets, opening new markets, globalizing successful Distributor Methods of Operation, or DMOs, such as Nutrition Clubs and Weight Loss Challenges, introducing new products and globalizing existing products, developing niche market segments and further investing in our infrastructure.

We report revenue from our six regions:

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On July 15, 2016, we reached a settlement with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, or the FTC, and entered into a proposed Stipulation to Entry of Order for Permanent Injunction and Monetary Judgment, or the Consent Order, which resolved the FTC’s multi-year investigation of the Company. The Consent Order became effective on July 25, 2016, or the Effective Date, upon final approval by the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California. Pursuant to the Consent Order, we agreed to implement certain new procedures and enhance certain existing procedures in the U.S., most of which we will have 10 months from the Effective Date to implement. Among other requirements, the Consent Order requires us to categorize all existing and future Members in the U.S. as either “preferred members” - who are simply consumers who only wish to purchase product for their own household use, or “distributors” - who are Members who wish to resell some products or build a sales organization. We also agreed to compensate distributors on U.S. retail sales within their downline organizations, which include purchases by preferred members, purchases by a distributor for his or her personal consumption within allowable limits and sales of product by a distributor to his or her customers. The Consent Order also requires distributors to meet certain conditions before opening Nutrition Clubs and/or entering into leases for their Herbalife business in the United States. The Consent Order also prohibits the Company from making expressly or by implication, any representation regarding the amount or level of income, including full-time or part-time income, that a participant can reasonably expect to earn in the Company’s network marketing program, unless the representation is non-misleading and the Company possesses competent and reliable evidence sufficient to substantiate that the representation is true.  

We are monitoring the impact of the Consent Order and our Board of Directors has established the Implementation Oversight Committee in connection with the Consent Order. The committee has met and will meet regularly with management to oversee our compliance with the terms of the Consent Order. While we currently do not expect the settlement to have a long-term and materially adverse impact on our business and our Member base, our business and our Member base, particularly in the U.S., may be negatively impacted as we and they adjust to the changes. The terms of the settlement do not change our going to market through direct selling by independent distributors, and compensating those distributors based upon the product they and their sales organization sell. We were at the time of the settlement, and are now, in the process of implementing many of the new and enhanced procedures; however, the terms of the settlement and the costs to comply therewith could adversely affect our business operations, our results of operations and our financial condition. See Item 1A – Risk Factors of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of risks related to the settlement with the FTC.

Volume Points by Geographic Region

A key non-financial measure we focus on is Volume Points on a Royalty Basis, or Volume Points, which is essentially our weighted-average measure of product sales volume. Volume Points, which are unaffected by exchange rates or price changes, are used by management as a proxy for sales trends because in general, excluding the impact of price changes, an increase in Volume Points in a particular geographic region or country indicates an increase in our local currency net sales while a decrease in Volume Points in a particular geographic region or country indicates a decrease in our local currency net sales.

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We assign a Volume Point value to a product when it is first introduced into a market and the value is unaffected by subsequent exchange rate and price changes. The specific number of Volume Points assigned to a product, and generally consistent across all markets, is based on a Volume Point to suggested retail price ratio for similar products. If a product is available in different quantities, the various sizes will have different Volume Point values. In general, once assigned, a Volume Point value is consistent in each region and country and does not change from year to year. The reason Volume Points are used in the manner described above is that we use Volume Points for Member qualification and recognition purposes and therefore we attempt to keep Volume Points for a similar or like product consistent on a global basis. However, because Volume Points are a function of value rather than product type or size, they are not a reliable measure for product mix. As an example, an increase in Volume Points in a specific country or region could mean a significant increase in sales of less expensive products or a marginal increase in sales of more expensive products.

We believe the increase in worldwide Volume Points for the three months ended March 31, 2017 of 1.4%, a lower rate of increase than that achieved in the prior year period, was largely driven by member response in China to a price increase announced in March to be effective April 1, 2017.  This price increase announcement, our first for the market in six years, drove significant sales orders late in March as members made purchases ahead of the price change.  Longer term, favorable Volume Point growth trends have been attributable to our facilitation of sales leader success and customer satisfaction by providing quality products and emphasizing sustainable business; improved DMOs, including daily consumption approaches such as Nutrition Clubs; easier access to product; systemized training for Members on our products and methods; and continued promotion and branding of Herbalife products. The decrease for North America for the quarter after an increase in the prior year period reflects Member focus on FTC settlement implementation actions including training on new tools and methods for documenting sales, and time spent to then train their sales organizations.  We continue to see declines in the South & Central America region primarily as a result of regional specific challenges discussed in greater detail in Sales by Geographic Region below.  The increase for Asia Pacific (excluding China) for the quarter reflects the continued success across many markets of distributor training and sales programs intended to improve customer orientation and daily consumption methods.  These activities have helped increase customer acquisition, distributor activity and leader retention. China, despite the impact of the announced price change, saw a lower rate of increase than recent prior year periods, attributable to factors such as Members testing new business methods that did not prove to be as sustainable as traditional methods.  Sales volume results are discussed further below in the applicable sections of Sales by Geographic Region. We believe the changes to our Marketing Plan, as well as our competitive strengths and business strategies, each of which discussed in greater detail in Item 1 — Business of the 2016 10-K, will contribute to achieving our long-term objective of sustainable sales growth through retailing, recruiting and retention.

Number of Sales Leaders and Retention Rates by Geographic Region as of Re-qualification Period

Our compensation system requires each sales leader to re-qualify for such status each year, prior to February, in order to maintain their 50% discount on products and be eligible to receive royalty payments. In February of each year, we demote from the rank of sales leader those Members who did not satisfy the re-qualification requirements during the preceding twelve months. The re-qualification requirement does not apply to new sales leaders (i.e. those who became sales leaders subsequent to the January re-qualification of the prior year).

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For the latest twelve month re-qualification period ending January 2017, approximately 60.9% of our sales leaders, excluding China and Venezuela, re-qualified. This figure excludes sales leaders in the United States who had converted to preferred member prior to the re-qualification period-end, as those individuals were not eligible for requalification; had these individuals been included in the calculation the figure would have been 59.3%. Venezuelan Members were excluded from retention figures for the year ended January 2017 due to revised requalification criteria that are not comparable to prior periods or to other markets and were excluded from 2016 as sales leaders in the market were not required to requalify that year due to product supply limitations. Argentina is excluded from 2016 as described further in the 2016 10-K. 

The statistics below further highlight the calculation for retention.

The table below reflects the number of sales leaders as of the end of February of the year indicated (subsequent to the annual re-qualification date) and sales leader retention rate by year and by region.

Sales leaders generally purchase our products for resale to other Members and retail consumers. The number of sales leaders by geographic region as of the quarterly reporting dates will normally be higher than the number of sales leaders by geographic region as of the re-qualification period because sales leaders who do not re-qualify during the relevant twelve-month period will be removed from the rank of sales leader the following February. Comparisons of sales leader totals on a year-to-year basis are indicators of our recruitment and retention efforts in different geographic regions.

Retention Rate for the requalification period ended January 2017 was significantly improved compared to prior year periods.  We believe this performance is the result of efforts we have made to improve the sustainability of sales leaders’ businesses such as encouraging Members to obtain experience retailing Herbalife products before becoming a sales leader.

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Presentation

“Retail sales” represent the suggested retail price of products we sell to our Members and is the gross sales amount reflected on our invoices. Retail sales is a Non-GAAP measure which may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures used by other companies. This is not the price paid to us by our Members. Our Members purchase product from us at a discount from the suggested retail price. We refer to these discounts as “distributor allowance”, and we refer to retail sales less distributor allowances as “product sales”.

Total distributor allowances for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 were 40.5% and 40.1% of retail sales, respectively. Distributor allowances and Marketing Plan payouts generally utilize 90% to 95% of suggested retail price, depending on the product and market, to which we apply discounts of up to 50% for distributor allowances and payout rates of up to 15% for royalty overrides, up to 7% for production bonuses, and approximately 1% for the Mark Hughes bonus. Distributor allowances as a percentage of retail sales may vary by country depending upon regulatory restrictions that limit or otherwise restrict distributor allowances. We also offer reduced distributor allowances with respect to certain products worldwide. Each Member’s level of discount is determined by qualification based on volume of purchases. In cases where a Member has qualified for less than the maximum discount, the remaining discount, which we also refer to as a wholesale commission, is received by their sponsoring Members. Therefore, product sales are recognized net of product returns and distributor allowances.

“Net sales” equal product sales plus “shipping and handling revenues”, and generally represents what we collect.

We do not have visibility into all of the sales from our Members to their customers, but such a figure would differ from our reported “retail sales” by factors including (a) the amount of product purchased by our Members for their own personal consumption and (b) prices charged by our Members to their customers other than our suggested retail prices. We discuss retail sales because of its fundamental role in our systems, internal controls and operations, and its correlation to Member discounts and Royalty Overrides. In addition, retail sales is a component of the financial reports we use to analyze our financial results. However, such a measure is not in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. Retail sales should not be considered in isolation from, nor as a substitute for, net sales and other consolidated income or cash flow statement data prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, or as a measure of profitability or liquidity. A reconciliation of retail sales to net sales is presented below under Results of Operations.

Our international operations have provided and will continue to provide a significant portion of our total net sales. As a result, total net sales will continue to be affected by fluctuations in the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies. In order to provide a framework for assessing how our underlying businesses performed excluding the effect of foreign currency fluctuations, in addition to comparing the percent change in net sales from one period to another in U.S. dollars, we also compare the percent change in net sales from one period to another period using “net sales in local currency”. Net sales in local currency is not a U.S. GAAP financial measure. Net sales in local currency removes from net sales in U.S. dollars the impact of changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the local currencies of our foreign subsidiaries, by translating the current period net sales into U.S. dollars using the same foreign currency exchange rates that were used to translate the net sales for the previous comparable period. We believe presenting net sales in local currency is useful to investors because it allows a meaningful comparison of net sales of our foreign operations from period to period. However, net sales in local currency measures should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to net sales in U.S. dollar measures that reflect current period exchange rates, or to other financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Our “gross profit” consists of net sales less “cost of sales,” which represents our manufacturing costs, the price we pay to our raw material suppliers and manufacturers of our products as well as shipping and handling costs including duties, tariffs, and similar expenses.

While certain Members may profit from their activities by reselling our products for amounts greater than the prices they pay us, Members that develop, retain, and manage other Members may earn additional compensation for those activities, which we refer to as “Royalty overrides.” Royalty overrides are our most significant operating expense and consist of:

Royalty overrides are compensation to Members for the development, retention and improved productivity of their sales organizations and are paid to several levels of Members on each sale. Royalty overrides are compensation for services rendered to us and as such are recorded as an operating expense.

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In China, our independent service providers are compensated for marketing, sales support, and other services instead of the distributor allowances and royalty overrides utilized in our global marketing plan. Service fees to China independent service providers are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

Because of local country regulatory constraints, we may be required to modify our Member incentive plans as described above. We also pay reduced royalty overrides with respect to certain products worldwide. Consequently, the total royalty override percentage may vary over time and from the percentages noted above.

Our “contribution margins” consist of net sales less cost of sales and royalty overrides.

“Selling, general and administrative expenses” represent our operating expenses, which include labor and benefits, service fees to China service providers, sales events, professional fees, travel and entertainment, Member promotions, occupancy costs, communication costs, bank fees, depreciation and amortization, foreign exchange gains and losses and other miscellaneous operating expenses.

Our “other operating income” consists of government grant income related to China.

Most of our sales to Members outside the United States are made in the respective local currencies. In preparing our financial statements, we translate revenues into U.S. dollars using average exchange rates. Additionally, the majority of our purchases from our suppliers generally are made in U.S. dollars. Consequently, a strengthening of the U.S. dollar versus a foreign currency can have a negative impact on our reported sales and contribution margins and can generate foreign currency losses on intercompany transactions. Foreign currency exchange rates can fluctuate significantly. From time to time, we enter into foreign currency derivatives to partially mitigate our foreign currency exchange risk as discussed in further detail in Part I, Item 3 — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Summary Financial Results

Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2017 were $1,102.1 million. Net sales decreased $17.5 million, or 1.6%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales were flat for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The decrease in net sales of 1.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was primarily driven by an unfavorable change in country sales mix and the effect of a stronger U.S. dollar and the resulting fluctuation in foreign currency rates, which reduced net sales by approximately 1.7% and 1.5%, respectively; partially offset by an increase in sales volume, as measured by an increase in Volume Points and price increases, which increased net sales by approximately 1.4% and 1.3%, respectively.

Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was $85.2 million, or $0.98 per diluted share. Net income decreased $10.6 million, or 11.1%, for the three March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The decrease in net income for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was primarily due to a lower contribution margin driven by lower sales as discussed above; higher selling, general, and administrative expenses, which included $8.6 million higher salaries and benefits, and $9.1 million in higher service fees to China service providers; $5.3 million in higher interest expense primarily due to an increase in borrowings during the period in connection with the new senior secured credit facility entered into on February 15, 2017; partially offset by lower income taxes.

Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2017 included a $12.6 million unfavorable impact of non-cash interest expense related to the Convertible Notes and the Forward Transactions (See Note 4, Long-Term Debt, to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements); a $3.8 million pre-tax unfavorable impact ($2.5 million post-tax) from expenses related to regulatory inquiries; a $1.5 million pre-tax unfavorable impact ($1.1  million post-tax) related to legal, advisory services and other expenses for our response to allegations and other negative information put forward in the marketplace by a hedge fund manager which started in late 2012 (See Selling, General and Administrative Expenses below for further discussion); and a $8.5 million pre-tax unfavorable impact ($5.7 million post-tax) from expenses related to the implementation of the FTC Consent Order.

The income tax impact of the expenses discussed above is based on forecasted items affecting our 2017 full year effective tax rate. Adjustments to forecasted items unrelated to these expenses, as well as impacts related to interim reporting, will have an effect on the income tax impact of these items in subsequent periods.

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Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2016 included a $12.2 million unfavorable impact of non-cash interest expense related to the Convertible Notes and the Forward Transactions (See Note 4, Long-Term Debt, to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements); a $7.6 million pre-tax unfavorable impact ($4.8 million post-tax) from expenses related to regulatory inquiries; a $2.9 million pre-tax unfavorable impact ($2.3 million post-tax) related to legal, advisory services and other expenses for our response to allegations and other negative information put forward in the marketplace by a hedge fund manager which started in late 2012 (See Selling, General and Administrative Expenses below for further discussion); a $1.4 million pre-tax unfavorable impact ($0.9 million post-tax) related to expenses incurred for the recovery of costs associated with the re-audit of our 2010 to 2012 financial statements after the resignation of KPMG as our independent registered public accounting firm; and a $0.8 million pre-tax favorable impact ($0.6 million post-tax) of government grant income in China.

Results of Operations

Our results of operations for the periods below are not necessarily indicative of results of operations for future periods, which depend upon numerous factors, including our ability to recruit new Members and retain sales leaders, further penetrate existing markets, introduce new products and programs that will help our Members increase their retail efforts and develop niche market segments.

The following table sets forth selected results of our operations expressed as a percentage of net sales for the periods indicated:

Reporting Segment Results

We aggregate our operating segments, excluding China, into a reporting segment, or the Primary Reporting Segment. The Primary Reporting Segment includes the North America, Mexico, South & Central America, EMEA, and Asia Pacific regions. China has been identified as a separate reporting segment as it does not meet the criteria for aggregation. See Note 6, Segment Information, to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of our reporting segments. See below for discussions of net sales and contribution margin by our reporting segments.

Net Sales by Reporting Segment

The Primary Reporting Segment reported net sales of $886.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, representing a decrease of $15.7 million, or 1.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales decreased 1.2% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016 for the Primary Reporting Segment. The 1.7% decrease in net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was primarily due to an unfavorable change in country mix, a decrease in sales volume, as measured by a decrease in Volume Points, and the effect of the strong U.S. dollar and the resulting impact of fluctuations in foreign currency rates which reduced net sales by approximately 1.5%, 0.6% and 0.5%, respectively; partially offset by price increases which increased net sales by approximately 1.6%.

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China reported net sales of $215.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, representing a decrease of $1.8 million, or 0.8%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales increased 4.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016 for China. The 0.8% decrease in China net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was primarily due to the impact of foreign currency fluctuation, which reduced net sales by approximately 5.4%; partially offset by an increase in sales volume driven by Member response to a price increase announced in March to be effective April 1, 2017.

Contribution Margin by Reporting Segment

As discussed above under “Presentation,” contribution margin consists of net sales less cost of sales and Royalty overrides.

The Primary Reporting Segment reported contribution margin of $386.6 million, representing a decrease of $10.4 million, or 2.6%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The 2.6% decrease for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was primarily the result of unfavorable country mix and the impact of fluctuations in the foreign currency rates which reduced contribution margin by approximately 4.3% and 3.5%, respectively, partially offset by price increases and the favorable impact of other cost changes mainly from cost savings through strategic sourcing and self-manufacturing, which increased contribution margin by approximately 2.5% and 3.1%, respectively.  

China reported contribution margin of $195.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, representing a slight decrease of $1.8 million, or 0.9%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The slight decrease for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was primarily due to the decrease in sales as mentioned above.  

Sales by Geographic Region

The following chart reconciles retail sales to net sales by geographic region:

Changes in net sales are directly associated with the retailing of our products, recruitment of Members, and retention of sales leaders. Our strategies include providing quality products, improved DMOs, including daily consumption approaches such as Nutrition Clubs, easier access to product, systemized training of Members on our products and methods, and continued promotion and branding of Herbalife products.

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Management’s role, both in-country and at the region and corporate level, is to provide Members with a competitive and broad product line, encourage strong teamwork and Member leadership and offer leading edge business tools and technology services to make doing business with Herbalife simple. Management uses the Member Marketing Plan, which reflects the rules for our global network marketing organization that specify the qualification requirements and general compensation structure for Members, coupled with educational and motivational tools and promotions to encourage Members to increase retailing, retention, and recruiting, which in turn affect net sales. Such tools include Company sponsored sales events such as Extravaganzas, Leadership Development Weekends and World Team Schools where large groups of Members gather, thus allowing them to network with other Members, learn retailing, retention, and recruiting techniques from our leading Members and become more familiar with how to market and sell our products and business opportunities. Accordingly, management believes that these development and motivation programs increase the productivity of the sales leader network. The expenses for such programs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. We also use event and non-event product promotions to motivate Members to increase retailing, retention, and recruiting activities. These promotions have prizes ranging from qualifying for events to product prizes and vacations. A program that we have seen success with and begun to use on a broad basis is the Member Activation Program, under which new Members, who order a modest number of volume points in each of their first three months, earn a prize. Our objective is to encourage new Members to begin acquiring retail customers on a modest scale before attempting to qualify for sales leader status. The costs of these programs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

DMOs are being generated in many of our markets and are globalized where applicable through the combined efforts of Members and country, regional and corporate management. While we support a number of different DMOs, one of the most popular DMOs is the daily consumption DMO. Under our traditional DMO, a Member typically sells to its customers on a somewhat infrequent basis (e.g., monthly) which provides fewer opportunities for interaction with their customers. Under a daily consumption DMO, a Member interacts with its customers on a more frequent basis, including such activities as weekly weigh-ins, which enables the Member to better educate and advise customers about nutrition and the proper use of the products and helps promote daily usage as well, thereby helping the Member grow his or her business. Specific examples of DMOs include the Club concept in Mexico, Premium Herbalife Opportunity Meetings in South Korea, the Healthy Breakfast concept in Russia, and the Internet/Sampling and Weight Loss Challenge in the U.S. Management’s strategy is to review the applicability of expanding successful country initiatives throughout a region, and where appropriate, financially support the globalization of these initiatives.

The factors described above have helped Members increase their business, which in turn helps drive Volume Point growth in our business, and thus, net sales growth. The discussion below of net sales details some of the specific drivers of changes in our business and causes of sales fluctuations during the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016, as well as the unique growth or contraction factors specific to certain geographic regions or significant countries within a region during these periods. Net sales fluctuations, both Company-wide and within a particular geographic region or country, are primarily the result of changes in volume, changes in prices, and/or changes in foreign currency translation rates. The discussion of changes in net sales quantifies the impact of those drivers that are quantifiable such as changes in foreign currency translation rates, and cites the estimated impact of any significant price changes. The remaining drivers, which management believes are the primary drivers of changes in volume, are typically qualitative factors whose impact cannot be quantified. The Company measures sales volume using Volume Points.

North America

The North America region reported net sales of $229.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Net sales decreased $16.2 million, or 6.6%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales decreased by 6.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The decrease in net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016, was a result of a net sales decrease in the U.S. of $16.2 million or 6.7%. The 6.6% decrease in net sales for the North America region for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was primarily the result of a decrease in sales volume, as measured by a decrease in Volume Points, which decreased net sales by approximately 5.3%.

As discussed above, in July 2016 we reached a settlement with the FTC. As part of the settlement, we agreed to implement certain new procedures and enhance certain existing procedures in the United States, most of which we will have ten months from the Effective Date to implement. We believe North America’s Volume Point decrease for the first quarter of 2017, versus an increase for the prior year period, reflects Member focus on FTC settlement implementation actions including training on new tools and methods for documenting sales and time spent to then train their sales organizations.  Sales volume for the first quarter of 2016 saw an increase reflecting the positive results of Members having adjusted to revisions in our Marketing Plan intended to enhance and reward a customer-centric business focus where we encourage Members to achieve product results and gain experience in the Herbalife business prior to attempting to qualify for sales leader.

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While we do not expect the FTC settlement to have a long-term material adverse impact on our net sales in the North America region or on our Member base, we believe net sales for the region could continue to be negatively impacted during 2017 as we and our Members spend time educating and training, and as our Members implement and adjust to the changes.

Mexico

The Mexico region reported net sales of $104.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2017 decreased $4.9 million, or 4.5%, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2017 increased 7.6%, as compared to the same period in 2016. The 4.5% decrease in net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was primarily the result of the effect of the strong U.S. dollar and the resulting impact of fluctuations in foreign currency rates, which reduced net sales by approximately 12.0%. This reduction to net sales was partially offset by an increase in sales volume, as measured by an increase in Volume Points, and price increases which contributed approximately 4.4% and 3.8%, respectively to net sales.

Mexico has had continued success with the Member Activation Program for new Members. The Mexico market has also improved service to Members by expanding the number of access points where Members can order, pay for and pick up products.

South and Central America

The South and Central America region reported net sales of $122.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Net sales decreased $4.6 million, or 3.6%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales decreased 7.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The 3.6% decrease in net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was the result of a decline in sales volume, as measured by a decrease in Volume Points, which reduced net sales by approximately 13.8%. This reduction to net sales was partially offset by price increases and fluctuations in foreign currency rates, which increased net sales by approximately 7.2% and 4.1%, respectively.

We believe the decline in Volume Points for the region for the quarter, continuing a trend of declines for prior year periods, was a result of certain country-specific challenges in the markets making up the region discussed below.

In Brazil, the region’s largest market, net sales were $51.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Net sales increased $1.1 million, or 2.2%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales decreased 17.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The fluctuation of foreign currency rates had a favorable impact of $9.8 million on net sales in Brazil for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Changes in ICMS tax legislation, effective April 2016, reduced net sales by approximately $4 million for the first quarter of 2017. The Brazil market is transitioning more slowly than other major markets through Marketing Plan changes intended to build more sustainable business for our Members through a focus on daily product consumption and retailing.  We have introduced programs in Brazil that have been successful in other regions to improve Member activity and productivity.  We are also increasing the number of product access points, expanding our product offering to promote more frequent consumption moments, and exploring product affordability approaches for the market.  

Net sales in Peru were $16.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Net sales decreased $0.4 million, or 2.1%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017 as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales decreased 6.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The fluctuation of foreign currency rates had a favorable impact of $0.8 million on net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Peru experienced severe inclement weather during the quarter, which we believe directly impacted the ability of our Members to operate their businesses.

EMEA

The EMEA region reported net sales of $209.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Net sales increased $11.4 million, or 5.7%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales increased 5.8% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The 5.7% increase in net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was primarily the result of an increase in sales volume, as measured by an increase in Volume Points, and price increases which increased net sales by approximately 5.2% and 1.6%, respectively. The EMEA region has had several years of growth in sales volume, as measured by an increase in Volume Points. Though the region is made up of a large number of markets with different characteristics and levels of success, generally we believe volume growth for the region is correlated with programs that have enhanced the quality and activity of sales leaders as they continue to focus on customer-oriented initiatives.

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Net sales in Italy were $33.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Net sales were flat, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales increased 3.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The fluctuation of foreign currency rates had an unfavorable impact of $1.2 million on net sales in Italy for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Italy continues to benefit from ongoing events such as city-by-city tours and increased efforts to increase brand awareness.

Net sales in Russia were $31.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Net sales increased $7.8 million, or 32.2%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales increased 4.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The fluctuation of foreign currency rates had a favorable impact of $6.7 million on net sales in Russia for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Product prices in Russia were increased 5% in February 2017 and 5% in March 2016.

Net sales in Spain were $23.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Net sales increased $0.2 million, or 0.8%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales in Spain increased 4.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The fluctuation of foreign currency rates had an unfavorable impact of $0.8 million on net sales in Spain for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Spain has seen continued to increase the number of Member locations such as Nutrition Clubs, and utilized local marketing strategies such as athletic sponsorships to increase brand awareness.

Asia Pacific

The Asia Pacific region, which excludes China, reported net sales of $219.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Net sales decreased $1.4 million, or 0.6%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales decreased 2.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The 0.6% decrease in net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was primarily due to an unfavorable change in country sales mix resulting from a lower percentage of our sales volume coming from markets with higher prices and the impact of effective price reductions in India, which reduced net sales for the region by approximately 5.5% and 0.9%, respectively. These reductions to net sales were partially offset by an increase in sales volume, as measured by an increase in Volume Points, and fluctuations in foreign currency rates which contributed approximately 4.5% and 1.4%, respectively, to net sales.  The increase in Volume Points for the region for the quarter was led by India, partially offset by a significant decline in the South Korea market.

Net sales in South Korea were $34.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Net sales decreased $12.7 million, or 26.9%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales decreased 29.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The fluctuation of foreign currency rates had a favorable impact of $1.4 million on net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2017. South Korea continues to be negatively impacted by a number of changes in the Marketing Plan, including certain changes unique to the market, intended to enhance and reward a customer-centric business focus where we encourage Members to achieve product results and gain experience in the Herbalife business prior to attempting to qualify as a sales leader. In addition to a shift in emphasis toward longer-term sales leader qualification, we also changed the product discount structure in South Korea and began charging a fee for the Member kit during 2016. Previously, the Member kit in South Korea was free. While we believe these changes will benefit the market in the long term, they have resulted in sales declines as sales leaders continue to adapt to these new methods of operation.

Net sales in India were $41.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Net sales increased $3.4 million, or 9.0%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales increased 8.2% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The fluctuation of foreign currency rates had a favorable impact of $0.3 million on net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Strong volume growth was partially offset by the impact of effective price reductions for the market.  In 2016, we introduced the Member Activation Program which we believe has contributed to higher sales leader activity and productivity compared to the same period last year. Additionally, we began the segmentation of our Members into preferred members and distributors as required by local regulations. India continues to expand its product line, offering more comprehensive nutrition products for customers.

Net sales in Taiwan were $30.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Net sales increased $0.1 million, or 0.2%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales decreased 5.8% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The fluctuation of foreign currency rates had a favorable impact of $1.8 million on net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Taiwan sales have declined versus the prior year period on a local currency basis as the market adjusts to and Members optimize programs and training introduced in 2016.

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Net sales in Indonesia were $33.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Net sales increased $6.4 million, or 23.8%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales increased 22.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The fluctuation of foreign currency rates had a favorable impact of $0.4 million on net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Indonesia had a price increase of 3% in September 2016. The Indonesia market has continued to make progress by focusing on a customer-based business and daily consumption through Nutrition Clubs, training activities, and new products.  We have increased the number of product access points for the market and expanded a city-by-city training and promotion approach.

China

Net sales in China were $215.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Net sales decreased $1.8 million, or 0.8%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. In local currency, net sales increased 4.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The net sales decrease for the quarter was the result of an unfavorable impact of fluctuations in foreign currency rates, which reduced net sales by approximately 5.4%.  The local currency sales increase was due to an increase in sales volume, driven by Member response to a price increase announced in March to be effective April 1, 2017.  This price increase announcement drove stronger than expected sales volume for the first quarter as Members made purchases ahead of the price change.  Management expects the price increase to have an adverse effect on China sales volume for the second quarter of 2017, primarily reflecting the impact of sales having been drawn forward into the first quarter.

We believe the continued adoption and acculturation of daily consumption DMOs in the China market, supported by ongoing investments in areas including brand awareness, product access, and online and mobile platforms has contributed to growth in China over recent years. We believe the lower rate of sales volume increase in recent quarters, and a volume decline for the fourth quarter of 2016, as measured by a decrease in Volume Points, is attributable to factors such as Members testing new social media business methods that did not prove to be as sustainable as traditional methods. Members in China are now re-focusing on more established business methods, complimented by the use of social media. We have also introduced the Member Activation Program, similar to that used in other markets around the world, for new Members in China.

We recently announced to our Members in China an upcoming expansion of our online ordering platform, which will allow our Members and Preferred Customers in China to purchase certain new products from a wholly owned subsidiary outside China for only personal consumption. While this expanded online platform is expected to facilitate new product launches and incremental sales over time, we do not expect the few new products planned to be offered in 2017 to have a significant impact on net sales for 2017.

Sales by Product Category